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Bitter Dogbane

Apocynum androsaemifolium

Apocynum androsaemifolium (Fly-trap dogbane, Spreading dogbane) is a flowering plant in the Gentianales order. The plant is common in North America, and is widespread across most of the United States and Canada, and in Alaska, California, and Northeast Mexico. Apocynum androsaemifolium has branching stems, hairs on the underside of the leaves, and no hair on the stems. Milky sap appears on broken stems. Leaf margin is entire and leaf venation is alternate. Its leaves appear as pointed ovals, while its flowers appear terminally on a stalk. The plant is poisonous, due to the cardiac glycosides it contains. Subspecies and Varieties: Subspecies and varieties include: Apocynum androsaemifolium subsp. androsaemifolium - E Canada, W United StatesApocynum androsaemifolium var. griseum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky - Ontario, British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, Indiana, MichiganApocynum androsaemifolium var. incanum A. DC. - widespread in Canada, United States, NE MexicoApocynum androsaemifolium var. intermedium Woodson - ColoradoApocynum androsaemifolium subsp. pumilum (A. Gray) B. Boivin - British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, California, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, NevadaApocynum androsaemifolium var. tomentellum (Greene) B. Boivin - British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, California, NevadaApocynum androsaemifolium var. woodsonii B. Boivin - Alberta, British Columbia, Washington State, Wyoming, Nevada, Idaho

Pacific Madrone

Arbutus menziesii

The Pacific Madrone (Arbutus menziesii) is also known as the Madroo, Madroa, Bearberry, or Strawberry Tree, or simply referred to as Arbutus. It is a broadleaf evergreen tree with rich orange-red bark that peels away on the mature wood, leaving a greenish, silvery appearance that has a satin sheen and smoothness. The exposed wood sometimes feels cool to the touch. In spring, it bears sprays of small bell-like flowers, and in autumn, red berries.

Plant in a shady or partially shaded location, and avoid direct summer water. It prefers north-facing slopes especially in drier locations. Madrone is a particularly beautiful plant, but it grows very slowly in the southern, drier part of its range, where it typically grows to only 25 feet. In the northern, moister part of its range, it can grow quickly to 100 feet.

It is found on the west coast of North America, from British Columbia to California - but also scattered on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada mountains. It becomes rare south of Santa Barbara County, with isolated stands south to Palomar Mountain, San Diego County and northern Baja California, Mexico.

It is common to see madrones of about 10-25 meters in height, but, in the right conditions, the trees reach up to 30 meter. In best conditions, a madrone can also reach a thickness of 5-8 feet at its trunk, much like an oak tree.

The leaves are thick, oval, 7-15 centimeter long and 4-8 centimeter broad, and arranged spirally; they are glossy dark green above and a lighter, more grayish green beneath, with an entire margin. The leaves brown during the fall season and detach from the branches.

Pacific madrone seeds are dispersed largely by birds but also by mule deer, rodents, and gravity; robins, starlings, band-tailed pigeons feast on the ripe berries and subsequently disperse the seeds as they move about.

Howard McMinn Manzanita

Arctostaphylos 'Howard McMinn'

Howard McMinn Manzanita (Arctostaphylos 'Howard McMinn') is an evergreen shrub in the Heath family (Ericaceae). One of the last manzanitas to bloom, this medium-sized, fine-textured shrub has small leaves and tiny pink flowers that appear in late winter through spring. As it matures it will open up and reveal more of it's twisting, red colored branches.

It is a popular choice for gardens due to its tolerance for different soils, summer watering, pruning, and shearing. Combine with other species of manzanitas for a long bloom season. Howard McMinn is tolerant of different types of soils, however, waterlogged soils should be avoided. Stop irrigating after it is established; generally after one or two years. Extra irrigation in summer will result in a short-lived shrub. Prune in fall to remove dead or dying wood, or to improve the shape. Howard McMinn takes shearing well and can be used for a hedge. Plant in full sun in coastal sites, and sun or part shade if planted inland. Although manzanitas are naturally found in chaparral or open woodlands, this cultivar is one of the most tolerant of garden conditions.


Moths, hummingbirds, butterflies are attracted to the flowers, and animals eat the berries. Deer may eat the berries but generally leave the plant alone. The fruits are also edible for people. Traditionally they were dried and ground for a type of granulated sugar. They were also used to make cider. Manzanita is spanish for little apple, and the fruits do indeed resemble little apples.

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