Lilium rubescens is an uncommon species of lily known by the common names lily and chaparral lily. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the Coast Ranges from Del Norte to Santa Cruz Counties. As its names suggest, it is a member of the flora in forest understory and chaparral habitat types. This is a perennial herb growing a waxy, erect stem up to two meters in height. It originates from a scaly, oval-shaped bulb up to about 9 centimeters long. The oval leaves are located in several whorls about the stem, each up to 13 centimeters in length with wavy edges. The flower cluster bears up to 40 erect lily flowers. The fragrant flower is trumpet-shaped with 6 petals up to 7 centimeters long and somewhat recurved or curled back. The petals are white to pale purple or pinkish on the inside, darker on the outside, and freckled with reddish spotting. There are 6 stamens with yellowish anthers and a pistil which may be 4 centimeters in length. The flowers are probably pollinated by bees and the pale swallowtail (Papilio eurymedon). This plant is threatened by a number of factors, including development, logging, non-native species, road maintenance, and horticultural collecting of the bulbs and flowers.

Lilium washingtonianum is a ]] native to the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada of western North America. It is also known as the ashington Lily,' Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily. It is named after Martha Washington and not the state of Washington; in fact, as the northern range of the plant is near Mount Hood in Oregon, it does not naturally occur in the state of Washington. Its range is limited to the states of California and Oregon. It grows up to 2 meter tall, and bears large fragrant white or pinkish flowers that are often decorated with purplish spots. The petals are 6 to 9 centimeter long and not strongly reflexed. It is typically found in chaparral, open woods, recently burned areas, or revegetating clearcuts.

Purple Flowered Washington Lily (Lilium washingtonianum ssp. purpurascens) is a rare native perennial herb that grows in Southern and Northern California, primarily in the Klamath Mountain Range region. It tends to grow in open places, at elevations from 1300-7200 feet.

Typical Washington Lily (Lilium washingtonianum ssp. washingtonianum) is a native perennial herb that grows in central and northern California. It tends to grow in open places, at elevations from 3900-7200 feet.

Limnanthes alba is a species of flowering plant in the meadowfoam family known by the common name white meadowfoam. It is native to California and Oregon, where it grows in wet grassy habitat, such as vernal pools and moist spots in woodlands. It generally grows in poorly drained soils. It is an annual herb producing an erect or decumbent stem up to about 30 centimeters long. The leaves divided into several lobed or unlobed leaflets. The flower is cup-shaped with white petals 1 to 1.5 centimeters long. This grassland wildflower is also under small-scale It is the source of meadowfoam seed oil, which is very similar to whale oil from sperm whales. The fruit of the plant, a nutlet, is 20 to 30% oil. The oil is one of the most stable vegetable oils known and can be converted to waxes and lubricants. White meadowfoam is very susceptible to the Botrytis cinerea fungus; commercial crops were devastated during the 1982 and 1984 growing seasons.

Limnanthes bakeri is a rare species of meadowfoam known by the common name Baker's meadowfoam. It is endemic to Mendocino County, California, where it is known from only about 20 occurrences in the vicinity of Willits. It is a plant of wet, grassy habitat such as vernal pools and marshy spring meadows. This is an annual herb producing a spreading stem up to about 40 centimeters long. The leaves are made up of several oval-shaped leaflets each about a centimeter long. The bell-shaped flower has veiny white or pale yellow petals with white tips. This is an annual herb producing a spreading stem up to about 40 centimeters long. The leaves are made up of several oval-shaped leaflets each about a centimeter long. The bell-shaped flower has veiny white or pale yellow petals with white tips.

Limnanthes douglasii is a species of flowering plant in the meadowfoam family commonly known as poached egg plant and Douglas' meadowfoam. It is native to California and Oregon, where it grows in wet, grassy habitat, such as vernal pools and spring meadows. It can grow in poorly drained clay soils. The plant was collected by the Scottish explorer and botanist David Douglas, who worked on the west coast of America in the 1820s. The plant usually bears white flowers with yellow centers, hence the name "poached egg plant", but flower color can vary across subspecies. It is a popular ornamental plant. It attracts hoverflies to the garden to beat the aphids and is well loved by bees. It is self-seeding, and gardeners are often careful as to where the seeds fall as it will quite happily grow in a lawn.

Douglas' Meadowfoam (Limnanthes douglasii ssp. nivea) is a native annual herb that grows in central and northern California. It tends to grow in wet meadows, edges of vernal pools and seasonal streams, at elevations from 0-3300 feet.

Douglas' Meadowfoam (Limnanthes douglasii ssp. rosea) is a native annual herb that grows in central and northern California. It tends to grow in wet meadows, edges of vernal pools and seasonal streams, at elevations from 0-400 feet.

Meadow Foam (Limnanthes douglasii ssp. sulphurea) is a rare native annual herb that grows in Central California, primarily in the North Coast and Central Coast regions. It tends to grow in wet meadows, edges of vernal pools and seasonal streams, at elevations from 0-3300 feet.

Limnanthes floccosa, or woolly meadowfoam, is a species of meadowfoam found in Northern California and Southern Oregon, in the United States. Most of the subspecies have highly restricted distributions and are listed as critical or endangered. Perhaps the most familiar subspecies of woolly meadowfoam is californica, not because it is the one most often seen (it is very inconspicuous), but because this taxon has been the focus of a significant conflict. The subspecies is found only among a dozen or so populations in Butte County, California, and is legally protected as endangered. Conflict has arisen between those who would protect the few remaining populations and those who would rather use its critical habitat for economic activities.

Limnanthes montana is a species of meadowfoam known by the common name mountain meadowfoam. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada foothills of California, where it grows in wet, grassy habitat such as marshy spring meadows. This is an annual herb producing a spreading stem up to about 40 centimeters long. The leaves are made up of several linear to oval-shaped lobed or unlobed leaflets. The bell-shaped flower has white petals often veined with purple and tinted yellow at the bases. This is an annual herb producing a spreading stem up to about 40 centimeters long. The leaves are made up of several linear to oval-shaped lobed or unlobed leaflets. The bell-shaped flower has white petals often veined with purple and tinted yellow at the bases.

Limnanthes vinculans, or Sebastopol meadowfoam, is an endangered species of meadowfoam found only in the Laguna de Santa Rosa in Sonoma County, California, USA and an area slightly to the south in the Americano Creek and Washoe Creek watersheds. The name vinculans derives from the Latin root vinculum, meaning "a bond, a cord. " The specific epithet vinculans means linking or bonding, in reference to the sharing of some characters of L. vinculans with L. douglasii (R. Br) and L. bakeri (J. T. Howell). This species is only known from approximately 30 locations in the laguna de Santa Rosa and southern Cotati Valley of Sonoma County, in these areas it occurs in wet meadows and around vernal pools at elevations of under 300 meters. Sites range from Graton, around the northern and western perimeters of Sebastopol, and east to Santa Rosa. Like the other meadowfoams, Limnanthes vinculans is a small annual herb, with multiple stems growing up to 30 centimetres (12 inches) in height; white flowers occur singly at the ends of stems. This plant bears white flowers singly at the termini of its stems. L. vinculans is unique in its genus for having compound leaves with three to five leaflets; each leaflet is entire, with a narrow-obovate shape. The flowers are small (12 to18 millimeters across), white, generally bowl-shaped, and bloom in April and May. Although the young leaves are narrow and undivided, leaves on the mature plant have their undivided leaflets along each side of a long stalk (petiole). The shape of the leaves distinguishes Sebastopol meadowfoam from other members of the Limnanthes genus. The fruit consists of three to four millimeter long nutlets. Distribution and habitat. This species is only known from approximately 30 locations in the laguna de Santa Rosa and southern Cotati Valley of Sonoma County, in these areas it occurs in wet meadows and around vernal pools at elevations of under 300 meters. Sites range from Graton, around the northern and western perimeters of Sebastopol, and east to Santa Rosa. This species is only known from approximately 30 locations in the laguna de Santa Rosa and southern Cotati Valley of Sonoma County, in these areas it occurs in wet meadows and around vernal pools at elevations of under 300 meters. Sites range from Graton, around the northern and western perimeters of Sebastopol, and east to Santa Rosa.

Limonium californicum is a species of sea lavender known by the common names western marsh rosemary and California sea lavender. It is native to western North America from Oregon to Baja California, with occasional sightings in Nevada and Arizona. It is a plant of coastal habitat such as beaches, salt marshes, and coastal prairie, and other sandy saline and alkaline habitat such as playas. This is a tough perennial herb growing from a woody rhizome. The thick, leathery leaves are oval in shape and up to about 30 centimeters long including the petioles, located in a basal rosette about the stem. The flower cluster is a stiff, branching panicle no more than about 35 centimeters tall bearing large clusters of flowers. The flowers have brownish white ribbed sepals and lavender to nearly white petals.

Limosella acaulis is a species of flowering plant in the figwort family known by the common name Owyhee mudwort. It is native to western North America from the Pacific Northwest to northern Mexico, where it grows in many types of muddy habitat next to water, such as pond edges. It is a fleshy annual herb forming low mats in muddy substrate. The flattened leaves are linear to strap-shaped to spoon-shaped and up to 6 centimeters long. The inflorescence is an erect stalk bearing one white to pale lavender flower just a few millimeters wide. The fruit is a capsule up to 5 millimeters wide containing many tiny seeds.

Limosella aquatica is a widespread species of flowering plant in the figwort family known by the common name water mudwort. It is native to much of the temperate world, where it grows in many types of wet habitat. It is semiaquatic, growing in moist land habitat such as meadows, in mud and wet sand next to water, and partly submersed or floating in the water. It is a fleshy annual herb forming low tufts in muddy substrate. The leaf is made up of a petiole up to 30 centimeters long but usually quite a bit shorter, tipped with a flat spoon-shaped blade up to 3 centimeters long. The inflorescence is an erect stalk bearing one tiny white to pink- or blue-tinted flower about 2 millimeters wide. The fruit is a capsule up to 5 millimeters wide containing many tiny seeds.

Linanthus bellus is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name desertbeauty. It is known only from northern Baja California and eastern San Diego County, California, where it grows in high desert chaparral in sandy soils. This is a petite annual herb producing short, threadlike stems lined with occasional tiny needle-lobed leaves. The inflorescence is usually a single tiny flower with bright pink lobes no more than a centimeter across. The flower has a yellow throat with purple spots.

Linanthus bigelovii is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name Bigelow's linanthus. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico where it grows mainly in dry habitat, such as the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts. This is an annual herb producing a thin stem up to about 20 centimetres tall. The leaves are linear in shape to needle-like and unlobed, measuring 1 to 3 centimetres long. The inflorescence is a small array of white flowers with lobes just under a centimetre long. They are sometimes lavender-tinted and open in the evening.

Linanthus californicus (Prickly Phlox) is a native sub-shrub in the Polemoniaceae (Phlox) family that grows along the coast and in the Coast Ranges, Transverse Range and Peninsular Range from San Luis Obispo County to Orange and Riverside Counties. It tends to grow at elevations from sea level to 6,500 feet. The leaves are palmate and sufficiently prickly to be painful. The pink or lavender flowers are small but showy and can appear 6 months of the year.

Linanthus concinnus is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name San Gabriel linanthus. It is endemic to the San Gabriel Mountains in the Los Angeles area, where it occurs in dry, rocky habitat in chaparral and forest habitat. This is a small annual herb producing a thin, hairy, glandular stem no more than about 12 centimeters tall. The leaves are divided into narrow, threadlike linear lobes up to 1. 5 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a cluster of 3 to 7 funnel-shaped flowers. The lobes of the corolla are up to a centimeter long and white with 2 magenta marks at the base of each.

Linanthus demissus (humble gilia or desertsnow) is a small flowering plant found in the Mojave Desert of the southwestern United States, from southeastern California east to Arizona and southern Utah. It is an annual plant with decumbent (creeping) growth to 2-10 cm tall with downy stems. The leaves are opposite, 6-10 mm long and 1-2 mm broad, with an acuminate apex. It has fragrant white flowers with petals that twist much like a windmill, just a few millimeters across. A key distinguishing characteristic is the pair of small purple lines or wedges at the base of each corolla lobe.

Linanthus dianthiflorus is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common names fringed linanthus and ground pink. It is endemic to southern California, where it can be found in many types of local open habitat, such as chaparral and coastal sage scrub. This is an annual herb producing a very thin, hairy stem no more than about 12 centimeters long. The leaves are linear to threadlike and unlobed, reaching up to 2 centimeters long. The flower cluster bears several leaves and one or more flowers with hairy leaflike sepals. Each flower has pale pink lobes with fringed or toothed tips and purple spots at the bases. The throat of the flower has yellow and white coloration.

Linanthus dichotomus is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name eveningsnow. It is native to western North America, including most of the southwestern United States, where it is a common member of the flora in a number of habitat types. It is often found on the serpentine soils of California. This is an annual herb producing several thin, waxy, erect stems up to 20 centimeters tall. The leaves are divided into linear lobes 1 or 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence produces a cyme of vespertine flowers which unroll into funnel-shaped corollas. The white lobes are just over a centimeter long and have purple shading on the undersides.

Linanthus filiformis (formerly Gilia filiformis) is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name yellow gilia. It is native to the southwestern United States, where it grows in rocky desert and plateau habitat. This herb produces a threadlike, branching stem not more than about 15 centimeters long. It is generally hairless but may be thinly dotted with glands. The few linear leaves are up to 3 centimeters long and occur along the stem. The inflorescence generally bears one pair of yellow flowers, each flower under a centimeter wide.

Linanthus inyoensis (formerly Gilia inyoensis) is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name Inyo gilia. It is native to eastern California and western Nevada, where it is a common member of the flora in several types of habitat at the western edge of the Great Basin where it meets the Sierra Nevada into the High Sierra Nevada, Inyo Mountains, and White Mountains.

Linanthus jonesii is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name Jones' linanthus. It is native to the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. This is a small annual herb producing a hairy, glandular stem no more than about 15 centimeters tall, with several pairs of needle-like, curving leaves. The inflorescence is an open array of vespertine flowers with throats surrounded by membranous, ribbed sepals with needle-like teeth. The funnel-shaped flowers are under a centimeter wide when open and mostly white in color, with yellowish coloring in the throats and purple tinting on the outer surfaces.

Linanthus killipii is a rare species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name Baldwin Lake linanthus. It is endemic to the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, where it is known from only a few occurrences in the vicinity of Baldwin Lake near Big Bear. It is a member of the flora in the rare quartz pebble plain habitat type, and other local mountain habitat. This is a small annual herb producing a hairy stem no more than about 15 centimeters tall. The leaves are divided into needle-like linear lobes each up to one centimeter in length. The inflorescence is an array of a few tiny flowers, each funnel-shaped with white lobes marked with purple at the bases and joined at a yellow throat.

Linanthus maculatus (formerly Gilia maculata) is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common names San Bernardino Mountain gilia and Little San Bernardino Mountains gilia. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from a few locales in the Little San Bernardino Mountains and the adjacent Palm Springs area in the northern end of the Coachella Valley. The largest populations, which may contain thousands of individuals, are located within the bounds of Joshua Tree National Park. This is a very small annual herb no more than three centimeters high. It has a taproot which may exceed 6 centimeters in length to collect moisture from the dry desert sand in its native habitat. The tiny, hairy stem branches to form small matted clusters on the sand surface. The hairy leaves are just a few millimeters long and unlobed. The inflorescence is a dense cluster of flowers each only 2 to 5 millimeters wide. The flower corolla has curled-back lobes which are white, sometimes with a spot of purple or pink. The protruding stamens are yellow. The main threat to this species is development in its range, and it is also vulnerable to off-road vehicle damage in the wide open sandy flats where it grows.

Linanthus orcuttii is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name Orcutt's linanthus. It is known only from southern California and Baja California, where it grows in chaparral and pine forests in the Peninsular Ranges and occasionally the San Bernardino Mountains. Linanthus orcuttii is a petite annual herb producing short, hairy stems no more than about 10 centimeters tall. The leaves are divided into hairy, needlelike lobes several millimeters long. The inflorescence is a small cluster of funnel-shaped flowers with thin, tubular throats opening into corollas barely over a centimeter wide. The flower may be white or shades of blue-purple to pink, with yellow and white throats streaked with tiny purple lines. Linanthus orcuttii is a petite annual herb producing short, hairy stems no more than about 10 centimeters tall. The leaves are divided into hairy, needlelike lobes several millimeters long. The inflorescence is a small cluster of funnel-shaped flowers with thin, tubular throats opening into corollas barely over a centimeter wide. The flower may be white or shades of blue-purple to pink, with yellow and white throats streaked with tiny purple lines.

Linanthus parryae is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name sandblossoms. It is endemic to California, where it is known from sandy, open habitat types in several regions from the Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada foothills to the Mojave Desert. This is a petite annual herb producing short stems just a few centimeters tall surrounded by hairy, needle-lobed leaves. The flower cluster, which often appears to sit directly on the ground tucked amidst the leaves, is a cluster of funnel-shaped flowers about a centimeter wide. The flower may be white or blue, with some populations made up of both colors. This uncommon phenomenon has made this species a model organism in studies of genetic variation. For many decades a long line of geneticists and botanists, including Sewall Wright, Carl Epling, and T. G. Dobzhansky, have studied populations of this flower to determine the factors that influence this polymorphism. Color frequencies may vary for many reasons, including genetic drift and pure natural selection. Wright built his theories on genetic drift using data he collected on this flower in the Mojave Desert. More recent studies place greater emphasis on the effects of natural selection on color frequency.

Linanthus pungens (syn. Leptodactylon pungens) is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common names granite prickly-phlox and granite gilia. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Baja California and east to Montana and New Mexico. This plant has been called a shrub or a perennial herb with an especially woody base. It produces several stems which may grow erect or may be short and spreading, forming a mat. Mat-forming plants are more common at higher elevations. When erect it can reach 80 centimeters (2. 6 feet) in height but it is usually shorter. The stems are densely covered in solid, narrow, sharp-pointed leaves. Flowers are solitary or grow in clusters at the ends of the stems. Each funnel-shaped flower is 1 to 2. 5 cm (0. 39 to 0. 98 in) long and may be white, cream, yellowish, or pinkish in color. The flowers generally open in the evening. The flowers and herbage are aromatic. The fruit is a cylindrical capsule with three valves, each valve holding about 5 to 10 seeds.

Lindernia dubia is a species of flowering plant known by the common names yellowseed false pimpernel and moist bank pimpernel. It is a member of the "new" plant family Linderniaceae, and it is sometimes treated as a member of the families Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae. It is native to much of the Americas from Canada to Chile, and it can be found on other continents as an introduced species. It grows in wet habitat, such as riverbanks, pond margins, and meadows. It is an annual herb growing a mostly erect, branching stem to exceed 30 centimeters in height. The oppositely arranged leaves vary in size and shape, from lance-shaped to oval, toothed or not, and under one to over three centimeters long. Flowers emerge from upper leaf axils. Each has a calyx of five narrow, linear sepals. The tubular corolla is up to a centimeter long, white in color with a blue or purple tint, and lipped at the mouth, the lower lip with three rounded lobes. The fruit is a capsule containing yellow seeds.

Linnaea borealis, commonly known as Twinflower (sometimes written twin flower) is a woodland subshrub, treated either in the family Caprifoliaceae, or sometimes in its own family Linnaeaceae. The stems are slender, hairy and prostrate, growing to 20-40 centimeter long, with opposite evergreen rounded oval leaves 3-10 millimeter long and 2-7 millimeter broad. The flowering stems curve erect, to 4-8 centimeter tall, leafless except at the base; the flowers are paired, pendulous, 7-12 millimeter long, pale pink with a five-lobed corolla. It has a circumpolar distribution in moist subarctic to cool temperate forests, extending further south at high altitudes in mountains, in Europe south to the Alps, in Asia south to northern Japan, and North America south to northern California and Arizona in the west, and Tennessee in the Appalachian Mountains in the east. In Great Britain, the twinflower grows in mainly open pine woodlands in Scotland and northernmost England. Foresters consider this plant to be an indicator species of ancient woodlands, often found in association with Creeping Lady's Tresses. It is listed as "nationally scarce". It is found in about 50 sites around the country, with most situated in the woods around the Cairngorms; the southernmost locations are four sites in Northumberland and one in County Durham. The sparseness of the sites is responsible for the continued decline of the flower in the country.

Twin Flower (Linnaea borealis var. longiflora) is a native perennial herb that grows in central and northern California. It tends to grow in moist places, at elevations from 0-8000 feet.

Prairie Flax (Linum lewisii) usually carries delicate powder-blue flowers on nodding stalks. However, the flowers are sometimes white or lavender. It is a perennial, blooming in summer over a long period. The needle-like leaves make a fine, lacy contrast with the wider blooms. It grows fast to one to one and a half feet tall.

This plant prefers full sun, takes low water, but needs good drainage and does not grow well in clay soil.  

Prairie Flax (Linum lewisii var. alpicola) is a native perennial herb that grows in Central California, primarily in the White and Inyo Mountains, the High Sierra Nevada and Sierra Nevada East regions. It tends to grow in dry open ridges and slopes, at elevations from 6600-11200 feet.

Linum puberulum is a species of flax known by the common name plains flax. It is native to the western and midwestern United States from California to Nebraska to Texas, where it grows in dry, open habitat including desert, semi-desert, hills and low mountains. It is a downy-haired perennial herb producing an erect, branching stem lined with glandular linear leaves up to about 1 centimeter long. The inflorescence is a wide open cyme of golden yellow to yellow-orange flowers each with five petals 1 to 1. 5 centimeters in length. The fruit is a capsule about 4 millimeters wide. The Zuni people squeeze the berry juice into the eye for inflammation.

Lipocarpha occidentalis, the Western halfchaff sedge, or Pacific halfchaff sedge, is a plant species native to western part of the United States but cultivated as an ornamental in other regions. It is widespread in California (in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, the Central Valley, and the Redwood Country), with populations also reported from Oregon (Klamath County) and Washington State (Klickitat County). Lipocarpha occidentalis is an annual herb up to 50 cm tall, forming clumps but not rhizomes. Culms are round in cross-section. Leaves are bristly, up to 3 cm long. Inflorescence an egg-shaped cluster of spikes; each spike with 2 scales, each scale subtending a hermaphroditic flower. Achenes are egg-shaped, up to 1 mm long.

Neottia banksiana is a species of orchid known by the common name northwestern twayblade. It was formerly placed in the genus Listera, but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Neottia nidus-avis, the bird's-nest orchid, evolved within the same group, and all species of Listera have been moved to Neottia. Older scientific names include Listera banksiana and Listera caurina. Neottia banksiana is native to northwestern North America from Alaska through the Pacific Northwest to the Grand Teton Range of Wyoming and to Mendocino County, California. It can be found in moist, dim habitat, such as mountain forest understory. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing erect 10 to 30 centimeters tall. It has one pair of green oval leaves each up to 7 centimeters long near the base of the stem. The inflorescence is a small raceme of green or yellow-green flowers. Each has usually 3 lance-shaped sepals, 2 similar petals, and one petal known as the lip, which is longer and rounded at the end.

Neottia convallarioides is a species of orchid known by the common names broad-lipped twayblade and broad-leaved twayblade. It was formerly placed in the genus Listera, but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Neottia nidus-avis, the bird's-nest orchid, evolved within the same group, and all species of Listera have been moved to Neottia. Neottia convallarioides is native to much of Canada and in parts of the United States (Alaska, the Great Lakes Region, New England, and the mountains of the West: Rockies, Cascades, Sierra Nevada, etc. ). I also reportedly occurs in St. Pierre & Miquelon and on the Komandor Islands in the Bering Sea, part of the Russian Far East.

Neottia cordata, lesser twayblade or heartleaf twayblade is an orchid of upland bogs and mires that rarely exceeds 15 cm in height. It was formerly placed in the genus Listera, but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Neottia nidus-avis, the Bird's-nest Orchid, evolved within the same group. It is never very common but may be frequently overlooked because of its small size and a tendency to grow underneath heather on sphagnum moss. The single erect flower-stem is often tinged red and is clasped near the base by a pair or ovate-orbicular glossy green leaves. The small flowers which look deceptively simple in structure for an orchid, are purple-green in colour with a somewhat swollen calyx. It has a circumpolar distribution being found in Europe, Asia, Greenland and large parts of North America. In the United Kingdom its distribution is western and northern becoming most common in the western highlands and is also found in Snowdonia and the Lake District. (Codes)

Lithophragma affine is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known by the common name San Francisco woodland star. It is native to the coast of western North America from Oregon to Baja California, where it grows in open habitat on mountain slopes, hills, and canyonsides. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing erect or leaning with a tall naked flowering stem. The leaves are located on the lower part of the stem, each divided into sharp-pointed lobes. The stem bears up to 15 widely spaced flowers, each in a cuplike calyx of red or green sepals. The five petals are bright white, up to 1. 3 centimeters long, and divided into three toothlike lobes at the tips.

Lithophragma bolanderi is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known by the common name Bolander's woodland star. It is endemic to California, where it is known from several mountain ranges, including the North Coast Ranges, the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and the San Gabriel Mountains. It grows in many types of open habitat. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing erect or leaning with a tall naked flowering stem. The leaves are located on the lower part of the stem, each divided into rounded lobes. The stem bears up to 25 flowers, each in a cuplike calyx of red or green sepals. The five petals are white, under one centimeter long, and toothed or smooth along the edges.

Lithophragma campanulatum is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known by the common name Siskiyou Mountain woodland star. It is native to southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in the forests and woods of the mountains. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing erect or leaning with a tall naked flowering stem. The leaves are mostly located on the lower part of the stem, each divided into rounded lobes, sometimes narrowed into teeth. The stem bears 2 to 11 flowers, each in a cuplike calyx of red or green sepals. The five petals are white, under one centimeter long, and divided into irregular toothlike lobes.